ASEAN Supply Chains: Building collectively

While 2016 may be remembered as the year when North America's hemispheric trade agreement was placed under fire and repercussions of Brexit brought European Union commerce into question, quite the opposite trend was being signaled in Southeast Asia.

Indeed, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)—comprising the 10 nations of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam—continues to work in close cooperation in the third year of its existence as a trade confederation.

“While progress in logistics performance has slowed for the first time since 2007 for many developed countries, ASEAN economies displayed a mixed bag in 2016,” observes Cecile Fruman, global practice director of the trade and competitiveness division at the World Bank.

According to the latest edition of the “Logistics Performance Index (LPI),” part of the bi-annual report published by the World Bank Group, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia all outperformed the East Asia and Pacific regional average. Meanwhile, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines ranked among the top 10 in lower middle-income countries.

“However, all ASEAN countries except Singapore, Myanmar and Cambodia back slid in their 2016 rankings compared to two years ago,” says Fruman.

According to estimates by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), ASEAN requires an annual infrastructure investment of $60 billion to 2020, with more than 62% earmarked for the development of the transport and energy sectors. Separate research carried out by Goldman Sachs states that Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines alone will require more than $550 billion in infrastructure investments during the same period.

ASEAN logistics gap

The World Bank report found that the “logistics gap” between more and less developed countries persists—high-income countries on average score 45% higher on the LPI than low-income countries.

“While low performers appeared to be closing this gap in past surveys, this trend has reversed in 2016, and the distance between top ranked countries and those at the bottom of the list has widened,” says Jordan Schwartz, director of the World Bank Group's Singapore hub for infrastructure and urban development.

But income alone does not explain performance, adds Schwartz. Countries such as Cambodia and Myanmar improved their performance, which shows that the willingness to reform and implement good practices and policies has a direct impact on the “fluidity” of cross-border trade.

“Infrastructure continues to play a big role in assuring basic connectivity and access to gateways for most developing countries,” says Schwartz. “In all income groups, survey respondents reported that infrastructure was improving. However, in all ASEAN countries except Singapore and Malaysia, the scores for infrastructure were lower than the overall scores.”

Better logistics connectivity—not only just within states but between countries in ASEAN—will boost the region's value chain and economy, maintains Max Ward, CEO and co-founder of Open Port, a neutral mobile platform for “enterprise” supply chain management in emerging markets.

“This is not an easy task,” Ward adds. “There are, in fact, a number of deep seated problems on the horizon for the logistics and supply chain industry that could hinder the future growth of AEC.”

Ward notes that the largest economy in the AEC—Indonesia—spends 26% of its GDP on logistics, one of the highest rates of spending on logistics per capita in the world. In the meantime, there are major commodity price gaps between provinces in Indonesia a well as major logistics inefficiencies that hamper economic development and connectivity. Likewise, Thailand, despite offering easy access to Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos, still spends almost 20% of its GDP on logistics.

Overcoming logistics fragmentation

Limited facilities at the ports make congestion worse, but the bigger challenge is the total cost of getting products from manufacturers to consumers, and how land transport actually takes up more time than processing in the ports.
Inadequate rural roads cause long transport times, Ward says. Furthermore, roads are often closed, and poorly-maintained open roads can only be used by small vehicles with high operating costs.

In the logistics and supply chain sector, transport is the center of performance, maintains Ward. But there are many companies that don't think about integrated supply chain management.

“For example, many small manufacturers still use containers only for loading and unloading in ports, rather than at the origin and destination of their cargo,” says Ward. “Highly fragmented supply and demand for road transport services means that truckers frequently return home empty, which eats up costs and erodes margins. In Indonesia, for example, trucking accounts for 72% of transport costs, and yet trucks are only full half the time.”

At a time of great change in the logistics sector, Ward notes that ASEAN governments have indeed started to focus on policy development and have ramped up invest in revamping long-neglected infrastructure.

“But by itself, this will not help the ASEAN countries to improve their game and boost growth and competitiveness,” says Ward. “In Indonesia, Thailand and several other ASEAN states, there is an urgent need to reform the management of human resources and adoption of new technologies to support more efficient and effective supply chain management.”

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